The seasonal photosynthetic responses of seedlings of the endangered plant Cathaya argyrophylla to different growth light environments.Biodiversity Science, 13, 387-397. This equation is made up of two parts called half-reactions. (b) This compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulb puts out the same intensity of light as the 60-W bulb, but at 1/4 to 1/10 the input power. Zhang WF, Fan DY, Xie ZQ, Jiang XH (2005). Recall that the overall equation for photosynthesis is: water + carbon dioxide -> oxygen, water, and simple sugars. The electrical energy supplied to the light bulbs is converted into heat and light. Editorial: Unraveling the molecular dynamics of thylakoids under light stress.Plant and Cell Physiology, 55, 1203-1205. Green light drives leaf photosynthesis more efficiently than red light in strong white light: Revisiting the enigmatic question of why leaves are green.Plant and Cell Physiology, 50, 684-697. Terashima I, Fujita T, Inoue T, Chow WS, Oguchi R (2009). Phytochrome photosensory signalling networks.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 3, 85-93. Lambers H, Chapin FS III, Pons TL (2008). Evidence for the role of the oxygen-evolving manganese complex in photoinhibition of photosystem II.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1706, 68-80. Hakala M, Touminen I, Keränen M, Tyystjärvi T, Tyystjärvi E (2005). The constant is called molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient and is a measure of the probability of the electronic transition. In conclusion, this method has potential applications for the study of plant physiology and ecology. This formula is the common form of the Beer-Lambert Law, although it can be also written in terms of intensities: A log10(Io I) lc (6) (6) A log 10 ( I o I) l c. It is a subjective quality associated with a wave and is a bit more complex. Loudness is a perceptual response to the physical property of intensity. It is an objective quantity associated with a wave. With this new approach, the application of portable spectrometer can be greatly broadened: 1) the light intensity and quality of light source and plant growth light environment can be obtained simultaneously, 2) PPFD can be obtained within any specified wavelength range, and 3) there is no need to use standard light source to obtain the absolute light/radiation flux of a spectrum measured by spectrometer. The intensity of a sound wave is a combination of its rate and density of energy transfer. Under natural light conditions, the errors between measured and calculated PPFDs are in the range from -2% to 5%, indicating the reliability of the method. After calibration of the spectrometer, we can calculate photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD or PAR) and measure spectrum of radiation flux simultaneously. Under the guide of the formula, a portable spectrometer (AvaSpec-ULS2048×64) was calibrated by using four narrowband light emitting diode (LEDs) in combination with a calibrated quantum meter (LI-190SB). Here we developed an empirical formula to convert light energy to photon flux density, based on the measurement conditions of spectrometer. However, the calibrated quantum meter for measurement of light intensity cannot measure light quality, and vice versa. I explain how to calculate light intensity and how to use proportional reasoning to find changes in light intensity based on the distance from a light source. The notion of an equivalent wave field is introduced.The influence of light intensity and light quality on plants is highly concerned in the field of plant physiology and ecology. ![]() ![]() The equation is expected to predict the intensity for multiple scattering at earlier times and shorter distances than the diffusion equation can. Using the Fourier transform, an approximation based on expanding at small wave vectors k leads to an equation similar to the diffusion equation. The equation can be decomposed into two terms: a propagator term obtained from the determinant of the coupled equations describing the individual components of the intensity, and a mixing matrix that describes the cross coupling between different orders of the expansion. This equation applies to the radiant intensity rather than the energy density. ![]() In this work a higher-order spherical-harmonic expansion of the radiative transfer equation is developed. This approximation applies to multiple scattering and results in a solution for the energy density, the gradient of which is proportional to the light intensity. The first two terms in the spherical-harmonic expansion (the P(1) approximation) of the radiative transfer equation yield the diffusion equation.
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